@article{Verma_Verma_Ramakant_Pandey_Verma_2025, title={Comprehensive Assessment of Physico-Chemical and Biological Parameters in Water Quality Monitoring: A Review of Contaminants, Indicators, and Health Impacts}, volume={9}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.9.2.2}, DOI={10.22161/ijhaf.9.2.2}, abstractNote={<jats:p>The degradation of water quality due to anthropogenic activities and natural processes poses a significant threat to public health and ecological integrity. This review highlights the biological, chemical, and physical parameters used in water quality monitoring and emphasizes their relevance in identifying pollution sources and associated health risks. We synthesized recent literature examining the roles of key parameters such as pH, BOD, COD, DO, TDS, heavy metals, and microbial indicators (e.g., E. coli, total coliforms). Findings underscore the elevated presence of heavy metals, nutrients, and pathogenic microorganisms in many freshwater systems, especially in densely populated or industrial regions. Agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, and poor waste management practices are primary contributors to contamination. Systematic monitoring of physico-chemical and biological parameters is critical for ensuring safe water use. Implementing comprehensive water testing protocols and enforcing environmental regulations are imperative for sustainable water resource management.</jats:p>}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science}, publisher={AI Publications}, author={Verma, Shubham and Verma, Sneha and Ramakant, Ramakant and Pandey, Vaibhav and Verma, Adarsh}, year={2025}, pages={10–19} }